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A principal source comes frm the Daemonologie of King James published in 1597 which included a news pamphlet titled Newes from Scotland that detailed the famous North Berwick witch trials of 1590.[6] The publication of Daemonologie came just a few years before the tragedy of Macbeth with the themes and setting in a direct and comparative contrast with King James’ personal obsessions with witchcraft, which developed following his conclusion that the stormy weather that threatened his passage from Denmark to Scotland was a targeted attack. Not only did the subsequent trials take place in Scotland, the women accused were recorded, under torture, of having conducted rituals with the same mannerisms as the three witches. One of the evidenced passages is referenced when the women under trial confessed to attempt the use of witchcraft to raise a tempest and sabotage the boat King James and his queen were on board during their return trip from Denmark. The three witches discuss the raising of winds at sea in the opening lines of Act 1 Scene 3.[7]
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Macbeth has been compared to Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra. As characters, both Antony and Macbeth seek a new world, even at the cost of the old one. Both fight for a throne and have a ‘nemesis’ to face to achieve that throne. For Antony, the nemesis is Octavius; for Macbeth, it is Banquo. At one point Macbeth even compares himself to Antony, saying “under Banquo / My Genius is rebuk’d, as it is said / Mark Antony’s was by Caesar.” Lastly, both plays contain powerful and manipulative female figures: Cleopatra and Lady Macbeth.[8]
Shakespeare borrowed the story from several tales in Holinshed’s Chronicles, a popular history of the British Isles well known to Shakespeare and his contemporaries. In Chronicles, a man named Donwald finds several of his family put to death by his king, Duff, for dealing with witches. After being pressured by his wife, he and four of his servants kill the king in his own house. In Chronicles, Macbeth is portrayed as struggling to support the kingdom in the face of King Duncan’s ineptitude. He and Banquo meet the three witches, who make exactly the same prophecies as in Shakespeare’s version. Macbeth and Banquo then together plot the murder of Duncan, at Lady Macbeth’s urging. Macbeth has a long, ten-year reign before eventually being overthrown by Macduff and Malcolm. The parallels between the two versions are clear. However, some scholars think that George Buchanan‘s Rerum Scoticarum Historia matches Shakespeare’s version more closely. Buchanan’s work was available in Latin in Shakespeare’s day.[9]